A senses-based model for experiential tourism
Keywords:
Experiential tourism, experience process, experience design, WEB site.Abstract
An experience can be defined as anything that stimulates the senses, heart and mind. Senses play a central role in individuals’ perceptions of the surrounding world. Thus, research on tourist experiences’ sensory dimensions is pivotal to improving visitor management in tourism. Recent studies have shown that successful tourism destinations attract tourists using a systematic approach to stimulating all the senses. This paper discusses the case of a multisensory criteria model applied to the tourism destination of Fiesole, Italy. The main aim was to provide a critical analysis of the various steps and outcomes of tourism experience design. The findings include a set of key tourism-related sensory experience concepts and the critical importance of following a logical order in experience processes. The results provided a theoretical framework that served as the foundation of a senses-based model, which not only provides an innovative focus within tourism research but also can function as a user-friendly tool for operators who need to plan, monitor and evaluate tourist experiences.
References
Addis, M., & Holbrook, M.B. (2001). “On the conceptual link between mass customization and experiential consumption: An explosion of subjectivity”, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Vol.1, 1, 50-66, Henry Stewart Publications.
Adler, J. (1989). “Origins of sightseeing”. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(1), 7–29.
Agapito, D., Mendes, J., & Valle, P. (2013). “Conceptualizing the sensory dimension of tourist experiences”. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(2), 62-73.
Agapito, D., Valle, P.,& Mendes, J. (2012). “Sensory marketing and tourist experiences”. Spatial and Organizational Dynamics Discussion Papers, 10, 7–19 Retrieved July 30, 2012, from?http://www.cieo.ualg.pt/discussionpapers/10/article1.pdf?.
Aristotle (2001). Da Alma [De Anima] (trans. Carlos Humberto Gomes). Lisboa, Portugal: Textos Filosóficos.
Damásio, A. (2009). O Erro de Descartes: Emoção, Razão e Cérebro Humano [Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (1995)](25thed.). Mem Martins: Europa América.
Damásio, A. (2010). O Livro da Consciência: a Construçãodo Cérebro Consciente. [Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain]. Lisboa: Temas e Debates/Círculo de Leitores.
Dann, G., & Jacobsen, S. (2002). “Leading the tourist by the nose”. In G. Dann (Ed.), The tourist as a metaphor of the social world (pp. 209-217). New York: CABI Publishing.
Dann, G., & Jacobsen, S. (2003). “Tourism smellscape”. Tourism Geographies, 5(1), 3–25.
Davis, S.F., & Palladino, J.J. (2000). Psychology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Deleuze, G. (1994). A Filosofia Crítica de Kant. Lisboa: Ed.70.
Ellis, G.D.,& Rossman, J.R. (2008). “Creating value for participants through experience staging: parks, recreation, and tourism in the experience industry”. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26(4), 1–20.
Franklin, A., & Crang, M. (2001). “The trouble with tourism and travel theory?”, Tourist Studies, 1(1), 5-22.
Gilmore, J. H., & Pine, J. (2002). “Differentiating hospitality operations via experiences why selling services is not enough”. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(3), 87–96.
Goldstein, E.B. (2010). Sensation and perception (8 ed.).USA: Wadsworth.
Govers, R., Go, F., & Kumar, K. (2007). “Virtual destination image: a new measurement approach”. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 977–997.
Gretzel, U., & Fesenmaier, D. (2003). “Experience-based internet marketing: an exploratory study of sensory experiences associated with pleasure travel to the Midwest United States”. In: A. Frew, M. Hitz, & P. O'Connor (Eds). Information and communication technologies in tourism 2003 (pp.49–57).
Gretzel, U., & Fesenmaier, D. (2010). “Capturing sensory experiences through semi-structure delicitation questions. In: M. Morgan, L. Lugosi, & J.R.B. Ritchie (Eds.), The tourism and leisure experience: consumer and managerial perspectives (pp.137–160). UK: Channel View Publications.
Hjalager, A., & Richards, G. (Eds.). (2002). Tourism and gastronomy. UK: Routledge.
Hoegg, J., & Alba, J. W. (2007). “Taste perception: More than meets the tongue”. The Journal of Consumer Research, 33, 490–498.
Holbrook, M. B. (2000). “The millennial consumer in the texts of our time: Experience and entertainment”. Journal of Macromarketing, 20(2): 178-192.
Holbrook, M.B. (1999). “Introduction to Consumer Value” in Holbrook, M.B. (Ed), Consumer Value: A Framework For Analysis and Research, Routledge, London, 1-28.
Howes, D. (Ed.). (2005). Empire of the senses: the sensual culture reader. .
Howes, D., & Classen, C. (2013). Ways of Sensing: Understanding the Senses in Society. New York: Routledge.
Hultén, B., N. Broweus, & M. Van Dijk (2009). Sensory Marketing, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
Jenkinson, A (2006). “Do organisations now understand the importance of information in providing excellent customer experience?“, Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 248 – 260.
Jenkinson, A (2007). “Evolutionary implications for touchpoint planning as a result of neuroscience: A practical fusion of database marketing and advertising “, Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 164 – 185.
Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M., Marques, C., & Lima, J. (2012). “Understanding and managing the rural tourism experience—the case of a historical village in Portugal”. Tourism Management Perspectives, 4, 207–214.
Krishna, A. (2010). Sensory Marketing: Research on the Sensuality of Products. New York: Routledge.
Krishna, A. (2012). “An integrative review of sensory marketing: Engaging the senses to affect perception, judgment and behavior”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22, 332-351.
Krishna, A., & Morrin, M. (2008). “Does touch affect taste? The perceptual transfer of product container haptic cues”. The Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 807–818.
Krishna, A., Elder, R. S., & Caldara, C. (2010). “Feminine to smell but masculine to touch?: Multisensory congruence and its effect on the aesthetic experience”. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(4), 410–418.
Larsen, S. (2007). “Aspects of psychology of the tourist experience”. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7–18.
Malefyt, T. (2015). “The senses in anthropological and marketing research:
investigating a consumer-brand ritual holistically”, Journal of Business Anthropology, 4(1), Spring.
Mattila, A. S., & Wirtz, J. (2001). “Congruency of scent and music as a driver of in-store evaluations and behavior”. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 273–289.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2002). Phenomenology of perception (trans. Colin Smith). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Pan, S., & Ryan, C. (2009). “Tourism sense-making: the role of the senses and travel journalism”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(7), 625–639.
Pan, S., & Ryan, C. (2009).” Tourism sense-making: the role of the senses and travel journalism”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(7), 625–639.
Pilcher, E., Newman, P., & Manning, R. (2009). “Understanding and managing experiential aspects of soundscapes at Muir Woods National Monument”. Environmental Management, 43(3), 425–435.
Pine, J. & Gilmore, J. (1999). The experience economy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Plato (2003). The republic (trans. Desmond Lee) (2nd ed.). London: Pinguin Books.
Pocock, C. (n.d.). Tactile Landscape: Visitors at the Great Barrier Reef. Retrieved February 14, 2011, from the Web site of Sensory Studies: ?http://www.sensorystudies.org/sensorial-investigations-2/test/?.
Pullman, M.E., Gross, M.A., (2004). “Ability of experience design elements to elicit emotions and loyalty behaviors”. Decision Sciences 35 (3), 551–578.
Rossi, A. & Goetz, M. (2011). Tourist Experience Design. HOEPLI, Milano.
Russell, C.A. (2002). “Investigating the effectiveness of product placements in television shows: The role of modality and plot connection congruence on brand memory and attitude”. The Journal of Consumer Research, 29(3), 306–318.
Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential Marketing. New York: The Free Press.
Smith, M. (2007). Sensory history. Oxford: Berg.
Spangenberg, E. R., Grohmann, B., & Sprott, D. E. (2005). “It's beginning to smell (and sound) a lot like Christmas: The interactive effects of ambient scent and music in a retail setting”. Journal of Business Research, 58(11), 1583–1589.
Stamboulis, Y., & Skayannis, P. (2003). “Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism”. Tourism Management, 24(1), 35–43.
Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
Volo, S. (2009). “Conceptualizing experience: a tourist based approach”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18:111-126, Routledge.
Walls, A., Okumus, F., Wang, Y., & Kwun, D. (2011). “An epistemological view of consumer experiences”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 10–12.
Walls, A., Okumus, F., Wang, Y., & Kwun, D. (2011). “An epistemological view of consumer experiences”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 10–12.
Yorkston, E., & Menon, G. (2004). “A sound idea: Phonetic effects of brand names on consumer judgments”. The Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 43–51.
Zimbardo, P., Johnson, R., & Hamilton, V.M. (2011). Psychology: core concepts (7th ed.). USA: Pearson.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Tourism & Management Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The journal retains published articles’ copyrights, but they are simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND), which allows individuals’ to share the relevant papers as long as authorship and publication in this journal are duly acknowledged.